The Kalmar union was dissolved when Sweden rebelled and became independent on 6 June 1523. The main impetus came from Denmark, which had already seen the Duchy of Schleswig join the Hanseatic League. Their son Olaf (Oluf) was chosen as king of Denmark in…, With the accession of Margaret I of Denmark to power in 1387, the foundation was laid for political union with Denmark. The Kalmar Union lasted until Sweden broke away in 1523, the first shot in a long rivalry between Denmark and Sweden for dominance in the region. Two years later, John conquered Sweden with a swift and decisive military action. I was getting ready to start a new game as Sweden (one of my favorite countries in the original EU) when a thought came to mind. His ambition was to strengthen the Royal power and reclaim Sweden, which – after yet more internal disagreements in Sweden – he succeeded at in 1520. Over the next twenty years, Charles was deposed twice and reigned three times. To place the Kalmar Union into a global context, elsewhere in Europe there were other key battlegrounds. The combined country would be much more robust and capable of holding its own against the encroachment from the South. Hans and later his son Christian II tries then to take back the Swedish throne in a long war that will not end until 1520. All I wanted was to create a nation and conquer and unite Scandinavia, and while I did not end up uniting the entire region, I got a whole lot closer than anyone else ever did and I believe that if the Kalmar Union is the only nation that ever will have come this close and that no other Scandinavian nation will ever be as great. When did the Kalmar Union end? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Many in Scandinavia thought that the best way to counter this rising threat from Germany was to unite as a single force. Omissions? The Estridsson family would in time divide their realms between warring brothers and Viken became much more active in interfering in Svealand's struggles. Short answer: kings, throne pretenders, and nobility arguing over power. shipbuilding and manufacturing. The English, however, wanted an offensive alliance to strengthen against the French in the Hundred Years War. The rebellion was led by the Swedish magnate Gustav Vasa, who was crowned king of Sweden in 1523. Yep, Margaret continued to be the de facto ruler of the Kalmar Union until her death in 1412. At the same time, Norway sank to the status of a Danish province (1536). 200. The proposed act of union divided the three Rigsraads, but according to modern scholarly opinion the document embodying the terms of the union never got beyond the stage of an unratified draft. He was only union king for four years though, because after a rebellion in 1501, he was dethroned. Instead, the Ditmarsians managed to trap most of the Black Guard at Hemmingstedt by opening dykes to flood the main road. Mathew Lyons | Published in History Today Volume 70 Issue 6 June 2020 A decades-long union of European countries is supported by their respective national elites; but its destruction comes through the ruthless exploitation of popular nationalism by an autocratic leader. KALMAR, UNION OF. All of this going on plus the bad farming/fishing conditions. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The war was initially successful and Margaret was hopeful of winning swiftly. However, it would soon be inherited by the Hou… The Kalmar Union lasted until Sweden rebelled and became independent in 1523, under King Gustav I Vasa. Two foundational documents were signed during these meetings: the Coronation Charter and the Union Charter, which were sponsored by the Crown and the aristocracy, respectively. After his crowning ceremony, the Stockholm Bloodbath was carried out, where 82 prominent people, enemy of Christian II and opposition on the Kalmar Union, were killed. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalmar-Union, How Stuff Works - History - Union of Kalmar. As The Kalmar Union wished to remain outside of that bloody conflict, the alliance never happened. Norway was then ruled by Denmark for almost 300 years until 1814 when it passed to Swedish rule. She adopted her grandnephew Erik of Pomerania (later Erik VII), then six years old, as her heir, and in 1388 she was…. inventor of dynamite and founder of nobel prize. This signalled the end of the Kalmar Union, as well as the king’s fall in Denmark and Norway the same year. He was considered ‘too German’ by the Swedes and knew little of Scandinavia when taking the thrones. The death of Eric was bad news for Margaret’s engagement to Haakon. Nowadays, the monarchies of Europe are largely ceremonial. Ultimately, it was a Swedish rebellion led by Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson that sealed his fate. The union established internal peace under a strong union king, supported by the nobility. Due to the tyranny of Christian II, Sweden rebelled and broke away under the leadership of Gustav Vasa while Norway remained in union with Denmark. The union was started in 1397 at a meeting in the town of Kalmar in Sweden. He attempted to maintain the Kalmar Union leading to yet another war with Sweden. In the West, this was also the period that saw European explorers start the colonization of the Americas leading to the end of the ‘Middle Ages’ and the beginning of the ‘Early Modern Period’. The two countries fought on a regular basis and in 1658 Denmark had to cede the provinces of Skåne, Halland and Blekinge, which today make up the Southernmost provinces of Sweden. Based in Trondheim, we are Norway's English language publishing company. The definitive end of the Kalmar union came in 1523 (or 1537) depending on how you count. These two roles were simply an official extension of the status quo as, even in the brief period of Olaf’s majority, Margaret was the power behind the thrones. John’s ultimate downfall, however, came from that old thorn in Denmark’s side, Schleswig-Holstein. She adopted her great-nephew Bogislav, who changed his name to Eric of Pomerania, thus providing a King to take the thrones of Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Discontent with Hans leads to rebellion that depose him as king. Olaf’s death dealt a blow to the unification of Norway and also goes down in history as one of the worst dynastic catastrophes in history as it ended the male line of all three royal families in Scandinavia. The Russians then expelled the League from Novgorod, their Eastern stronghold, and kicked off the Russo-Swedish war. en Sweden was struggling to break free from the Kalmar Union, which consisted of the Scandinavian countries. With the formation of Kalmar Union in 1951 both programs were unified under the same supervision and although parallel nuclear research teams were maintained, the investigations concerning the obtaining of nuclear weapons were unified. In 1513 Hans died and was succeeded by his son Christian II, king of Denmark and Norway. Of course, as with all political matters, no one could agree on what form this might take. The End of the Kalmar Union Christian II of Denmark, known as Christian the Tyrant in Sweden. 300. The aristocracy had succeeded in regaining a large amount of control over the lands that Margaret had managed to acquire. 1397-1523 - Kalmar Union Only once has Scandinavia been united politically, from 1397 to 1523 under the Danish crown. Once again internal disagreements broke out in Sweden. One such unification of crowns came in the form of the Kalmar Union. Countries could be united by a simple marriage and so wedlock within Royal families was more to do with strategy than love. In Eric’s mind, this was the perfect reason to call for a union … The Union of Kalmar, which combined the three crowns of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under one sovereign, was founded in 1397 in the Swedish city of Kalmar and lasted, with some exceptions, until 1520. Kalmar Union. Charles was elected as Charles I of Norway of Norway the following year and all looked set until the Counts of Holstein insisted that Christian I be appointed King of Denmark. His cause wasn’t exactly helped by the fact that he spoke not a word of Norwegian, a fact which readily became apparent when he was finally granted an audience with Margaret. One of his first actions as King of Denmark and Norway was to attempt to weaken the Hanseatic League by entering into dialogue with Russia. At that time, Norway included Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland, Orkney, and parts of Finland belonged to Sweden. Christian II used this and in 1520 he took over Stockholm. He was succeeded by his nephew, Christopher of Bavaria, in Denmark and Sweden in 1439 but Norway remained loyal to him for another year before realising that perhaps having a King who was a pirate in exile was not the most sensible idea! When marriage wasn’t an option, of course, the royals fell back on plain, old-fashioned force. Details of his death seem hard to find but rumours of poisoning led to an imposter ‘false Olaf’ from Prussia trying unsuccessfully to claim the crown a few years later on the grounds that he’d fled an attempt on his life. Gain +25% liberty desire; Denmark: Gain opinion modifier “Rejected the Kalmar Recess” towards Sweden worth … Kalmarunionen (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) Kalmarin unioni Kalmarsambandið Kalmar unioni (Greenlandic) Kalmarsamveldið Unio Calmariensis 1397–1523 "Banner of the realms" as described by Eric of Pomerania in 1430. On John’s death in 1513, his son Christian was elected King Christian II of Denmark and Norway. Over in the East, meanwhile, this was the time of the Ming Dynasty with its lasting cultural legacy. Margaret was only 10 years old. On July 20th 1396, Margaret published the Kalmar Treaty, a “masterly document that sealed the union of Norway, Sweden and Denmark”. Is Sweden; Is the junior partner in a personal union with Denmark; Year is 1470 or later Mean time to happen. If so why not share it on Pinterest so others can find it too? Taxation increased heavily in Sweden and Norway to pay for it and the Swedish nobility, seeing no real Swedish advantage to the conflict, started to move against him. She also insisted that he be proclaimed the true heir of Sweden – a claim from her husband’s rule of the country prior to being deposed. The formal establishment of a personal union among the Scandinavian kingdoms took place in 1397, during Erik’s coronation festivities at Kalmar in June of 1397. The beginning of Kalmar Castle is linked with constructing a watch tower which appeared by the end of the 12th century ... On 20 July 1397 in the presence of the greatest figures Denmark's Queen Margaret announced the Kalmar Union under which the said countries were united under the rule of one king, keeping the right to have their own governments and separate laws. Battles and wars were fought between various different countries, families and regions about who, exactly, was the rightful heir to different thrones. Her mother and father were estranged by the time of her birth, though it’s not entirely clear why, but Margaret quickly became a pawn in the Game of Thrones that her family were playing. Norway finally became an independent country once more in 1905. One of the final things that happened before Margaret’s death was entering into a war against Holstein in 1412 to recover the Duchy of Schleswig. When her father died in 1375, Margaret quickly sought to have her infant son Olaf declared King of Denmark, with Margaret ruling as Regent until he came of age at 15. Personal union with Viken led eventually to union with Denmark once the Estridssons inherited the combined holdings of the House of Rugia. Two years later, after Albert of Mecklenberg had upset the Swedish nobility by planning to seize vast quantities of their lands, Margaret assisted the Swedish in deposing Albert and was declared “all powerful lady of Sweden” and so finally all of the power in the region was theoretically in one place. Margaret also tried to secure an alliance with England via the marriage of King Eric to Henry IV of England’s daughter Phillipa and the marriage of his son Henry – the future Henry V of England – to Eric’s sister Catherine. The treaty proposed everlasting union and “all three realms should exist together in harmony and love, and whatever befalleth one, war and rumors of war, or the onslaught of foreigners, that shall be for all three, and each kingdom shall help the others in all fealty …and hereafter the Nordic realms shall have one king, and not several”. 200. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. As the Kalmar Union came to an end in 1523 the balance of control and power shifted in Scandinavia. Arms of Christian I, John & Christian II. 120 months Reject the Kalmar Recess. This took place in Copenhagen in 1363. On 17th June 1397, at a congress of the Councils of the Realm, Eric was crowned King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Kalmar Union ended in 1523. Christian II succeeds after a long war and conquers Sweden. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When was the Union of Norway? Valdemar’s heirs brought the kingdom to its medieval apogee. Updates? He continued the policy of reclaiming Sweden. Magnus then promised Haakon to Henry of Holstein’s daughter Elizabeth but, to Margaret’s good fortune, this was declared contrary to church law by a Danish Archbishop when her ship was diverted to Bornholm on her way to Sweden to marry! The aim was to ‘recreate Cnut the Great’s Empire of the North’. Over in Denmark and Norway, meanwhile, Christian reigned until 1481 when he was succeeded by his son John. Margaret ruled effectively and shrewdly. He then returned to the crown six years later when the archbishop objected to Christian’s taxation policies. In 1396 homage was also rendered to him in Denmark and Sweden, Margaret reserving to herself the office of regent during his minority. 1523. Fortunately, some might say, Eric died three years later and so Haakon and Magnus led Sweden as co-rulers together. However, the lack of common policies and, above all, of a joint defense strategy made it impossible to maintain neutrality wh… She avoided every appearance of an open rupture, however, and succeeding monarchs also avoided stirring up the issue. One night, she was suddenly taken ill and died on her ship in Flensburg harbour. The historical context of the Kalmar Union, Norway Threatens Grindr With $12m Fine Over Privacy Breach, Coronavirus in Oslo: Lockdown Returns to Norway’s Capital, Coronavirus in Norway: The Latest News on the COVID-19 Outbreak, Norway Health Director Warns Of Coronavirus Third Wave, The Most Popular Norwegian Baby Names in 2020. Some still retain theoretical power that has, in effect, been ceded to national parliaments whilst others have had all power officially removed to leave them as nothing more than figureheads. Unfortunately Sten Sture’s widow was not so easily defeated and she held out for another five months before finally surrendering, again under condition of amnesty. At the end of the Second World War, both Sweden and Norway began to work secretly on their nuclear programs. The arrival of Princess Margaret in 1353, as the sixth and youngest child of King Valdemar IV of Denmark, would prove the catalyst that put all of the pieces in place for their eventual success. Being in parts visionary, intelligent and energetic, not to mention charming, he also had a quick temper, a complete lack of diplomatic skills and was unfailingly obstinate. At around the same time, Margaret’s only brother – Christopher, Duke of Lolland – died leaving Denmark without a male heir. Tragedy struck in 1387 when, at the age of 16, Olaf died suddenly. volvo? The Kalmar Union was a personal union between the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark and Sweden that presevered throughout the 15th century; in effect, a pan-Scandinavian union. The area and its trade routes had previously been well controlled by the Scandinavians but the League quickly overtook them and raised the threat of territorial expansion. The Kalmar union is restored for the third time. The union stood, with a few interruptions, from 1397 until 1523 when Sweden declared its independence and elected Gustav Vasa as its monarch. The year 1447 was coming close, the union would then have stood for half a century. This secured a great source of income for the Kingdom but also challenged the Hanseatic League and ignited war. In some regards, he was reasonably successful. To weld the three kingdoms still more closely together, Margaret summoned a congress of the three councils of state (the Rigsraads) and other magnates to Kalmar in June 1397; and on Trinity Sunday, June 17, the joint coronation of Erik united the kingdoms. It was clearly a marriage of convenience and Margaret didn’t live as Haakon’s ‘wife’ in the traditional sense at the time. The Kalmar union is thereby restored for the second time. Much of his reign was overshadowed by the war against the Holstein Counts over South Jutland. Kalmar Union, Scandinavian union formed at Kalmar, Sweden, in June 1397 that brought the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark together under a single monarch until 1523. add example. She learnt reading, writing and statecraft although, by the age of 17, she had performed her marital duty by providing her husband with an heir, Olaf, born in Akershus Castle in Oslo. This led directly to a revolt, led by Gustav Vasa whose father was one of the executed. He thought that this would end all the resistance against him, but rebellion started led by Gu… Words of Norway tells the stories of Norway to the world, and helps Norwegian companies do the same. The Kalmar Union was a personal union between Norway, Denmark and Sweden – which at the time also included much of modern Finland – under a single crown. The silver throne. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Very little of note happened during his 8 year reign, though perhaps the most lasting is that Copenhagen was declared the permanent capital of Denmark by municipal charter in 1442. Firstly he was deposed in 1457 by the archbishop and replaced by Christian of Denmark. 200. If you’ve been paying attention so far, you’ve probably guessed what happened next? Example sentences with "Kalmar Union", translation memory. Combining the countries into one would be the best show of strength but this faced fierce opposition from the Swedish nobles who feared loss of their own influence. No wonder my relatives left. His youngest and only surviving child, Margaret I (Margrethe I), had married a prince of Sweden, Haakon VI Magnusson, then king of Norway. In the 13th Century, the Hanseatic League – a collection of merchant traders from, initially, Germany – rose fast to become dominant in the North and Baltic seas. Norway was then ruled by Denmark for almost 300 years until 1814 when it passed to Swedish rule. During his reign, the Kalmar Union was watered down to favour a better balance between the Crown and the Nobility. Meanwhile in Sweden the nobles deposed Magnus and Haakon and elected Albert of Mecklenberg as King of Sweden. The following year she was proclaimed Norway’s “Reigning Queen”. After a trial of sorts, presided over by the archbishop, they were all sentenced to death and led into the main square to be executed. The Swedish nobility were reluctant to back Charles in a war against Denmark and so Christian assumed the throne of Norway in 1450, leaving Charles as ruler of Sweden. Margaret had been winning through shrewd negotiation, but Eric favoured warfare while lacking neither the experience or resources of the Germans. Get a Britannica Membership, https: //www.britannica.com/place/Kalmar-Union, how Stuff Works - History - of. 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